Annual industrial and commercial heat load profiles: modeling based on k-Means clustering and regression analysis

An accurate method to predict annual heat load profiles is fundamental to many studies, e.g., preliminary design or potential studies on renewable heating systems. This study presents a method to predict annual heat load profiles with a daily resolution for industry and commerce, based on an analysis of 797 natural gas load profiles (≥1.5 GWh/a). To derive heat load profiles, these natural gas load profiles are normalized and those with a potentially non-linear relationship between heat demand and natural gas consumption are excluded. The heat load profiles are clustered using the k-means algorithm according to their respective dependency on mean daily ambient temperature. The results reveal that the heat demand of most consumers is characterized by a clear dependency on mean daily ambient temperature, even in industry. The assignment of the load profiles to the clusters can be explained by the respective composition of each consumers’ heat sinks. In a regression analysis, individual regressions for each load profile are only slightly more accurate than the regressions for all load profiles assigned to one of the respective clusters. In terms of accuracy and user-friendliness, the developed cluster regression-based correlations for load profile prediction offer a significant improvement on previous methods.