Electron Beam Melting of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel

Günther, Johannes

dc.date.accessioned	2020-11-06T11:15:20Z
dc.date.available	2020-11-06T11:15:20Z
dc.date.issued	2020
dc.identifier	doi:10.17170/kobra-202007211477
dc.identifier.isbn	978-3-7376-0849-7 (e-book)
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/11928
dc.description	Zugleich: Dissertation, Universität Kassel, 2020	ger
dc.language.iso	eng	eng
dc.publisher	kassel university press
dc.rights	Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International	*
dc.rights.uri	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/	*
dc.subject	additive manufacturing	eng
dc.subject	electron beam melting	eng
dc.subject	TRIP steel	eng
dc.subject	phase transformation	eng
dc.subject	mechanical properties	eng
dc.subject.ddc	600
dc.title	Electron Beam Melting of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel	eng
dc.type	Buch
dcterms.abstract	Electron beam melting (EBM) is a powder-bed based additive manufacturing (AM) process suitable for the production complex metallic components. It is based on a layer-wise built-up of parts by a successive melting of powder-layers according to the cross-sections provided by a CAD design. Compared to other AM technologies it is advantageous in terms of residual stress formation, part distortion or cracking in non-weldable alloys due to the elevated process temperatures. Moreover, the vacuum atmosphere, demanded for the application of the electron beam (EB) as heat source, is beneficial for the fabrication of materials with high chemical reactivity or affinity to oxygen. Though, similar to the laser powder-bed fusion AM technologies, EBM is confronted with certain drawbacks that could possibly impede further exploitation. Among these are, for example, a limited material portfolio or availability of comprehensive closed-loop process monitoring systems, which would enhance reliability of the process. Furthermore, certain issues regarding the performance of material have to be addressed. This refers to an intrinsic high surface roughness, process-induced inhomogeneities and the formation of strong crystallographic textures, which potentially have a detrimental effect on mechanical behavior and isotropy of properties, respectively. These aspect are comprehensively discussed in a literature review containing several results obtained by the author, which contribute to a deeper understanding of the fatigue behavior of SLM as well as EBM manufactured Ti-6Al-4V. For the sake of readability and the structure of the present dissertation, the main findings of the studies are summarized within the theoretical foundations. They are revisited in the results section as they are essential for a comprehension of the outstanding characteristics of the investigated alloy. The primary focus of this work is the processing – microstructure – property correlation of EBM manufactured high-alloyed austenitic CrMnNi stainless steel. Independent of the applied process parameters, to this point this alloy exhibits a fine-grained and weak textured microstructure in the as-built state upon EBM processing. As detailed in the literature review, this is opposite to numerous alloys like the benchmark AISI 316L stainless steel, which are commonly characterized by epitaxial growth of columnar grains elongated parallel to building direction. A theory for this unusual observation is presented based on a grain refinement due the process-inherent cyclic heat-treatment, i.e. repetitive reheating and partial melting of the consolidated material due to the energy input during melting of subsequent layers and resulting solid-liquid as well as solid-solid (ferritic bcc to austenitic fcc phase and vice versa) phase transformations. A calculation of the phase diagram, differential thermal analysis and the investigation of the uppermost layers of bulky and thin-walled EBM processed structures are conducted to support this assumption. Moreover, the CrMnNi stainless steel specimens are characterized by an outstanding damage tolerance, which is demonstrated by tensile testing and examination of the fracture surfaces revealing large lack-of-fusion defects due to unsuitable process parameters. Combined EBSD and X-ray diffraction analysis attribute the high damage tolerance to a pronounced strain hardening and mitigation of the effect of defects due to the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect. The deformation-induced martensitic transformation and associated strain hardening has also been correlated to a considerable low-cycle fatigue performance even under the presence of large inhomogeneities. The chemical composition of the alloy upon EBM processing is strongly dependent on the process parameters, i.e. it is demonstrated that the evaporation rate of Mn varies with the scan strategy and volumetric energy density. This phenomenon is utilized for the fabrication of homogeneous specimens with different Mn concentrations and resulting mechanical properties. These findings are subsequently employed for a prove-of-concept of the possibility to produce functionally graded material by a spatial adjustment of the scan strategy throughout the layer-wise built-up of objects. This is a novel approach for the synthetization of functionally graded materials based on the processing of one homogenous precursor powder feedstock. In summary, the particular CrMnNi stainless steel is introduced as a novel alloy design for AM because it addresses current material-related issues inherent in layer-wise technologies and potentially further contributes to the exploitation of the full potential of AM.	eng
dcterms.accessRights	open access
dcterms.creator	Günther, Johannes
dcterms.dateAccepted	2020-01-21
dcterms.extent	XVI, 142 Seiten
dcterms.isPartOf	Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Werkstofftechnik - Metallische Werkstoffe ;; Band 33	ger
dc.contributor.corporatename	Kassel, Universität Kassel, Fachbereich Maschinenbau	ger
dc.contributor.referee	Niendorf, Thomas (Prof. Dr.)
dc.contributor.referee	Scholtes, Berthold (Prof. Dr.)
dc.publisher.place	Kassel
dc.relation.isbn	978-3-7376-0848-0 (print)
dc.subject.swd	Rapid Prototyping <Fertigung>	ger
dc.subject.swd	Elektronenstrahlschmelzen	ger
dc.subject.swd	TRIP-Stahl	ger
dc.subject.swd	Phasenumwandlung	ger
dc.subject.swd	Mechanische Eigenschaft	ger
dc.title.subtitle	Processing – Microstructure – Mechanical Properties	eng
dc.type.version	publishedVersion
dcterms.source.series	Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Werkstofftechnik - Metallische Werkstoffe	ger
dcterms.source.volume	Band 33	ger
kup.iskup	true
kup.order	https://www.genialokal.de/Produkt/Johannes-Guenther/Electron-Beam-Melting-of-Metastable-Austenitic-Stainless-Steel_lid_44495775.html
kup.price	39,00
kup.series	Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Werkstofftechnik - Metallische Werkstoffe
kup.subject	Naturwissenschaft, Technik, Informatik, Medizin
kup.typ	Dissertation
kup.institution	FB 15 / Maschinenbau
kup.binding	Softcover
kup.size	DIN A5